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1.Which of the following is a characteristic of the trade winds?
- ABlows from the poles towards the equator
- BBlows from the equator towards the poles
- CBlows from the west towards the east
- DBlows from the east towards the west
Explanation
The trade winds are a wind system that blows from the east towards the west in the tropics. They are formed due to the pressure gradient between the subtropical high and the equatorial low and play a significant role in shaping the climate of the tropics.
2.The historic Rammelsberg mining district in Germany supplied the world with which combination of minerals?
- ACopper
- BLead
- CZinc
- DAll of the above
Explanation
Rammelsberg was a polymetallic mine producing copper, lead and zinc for centuries; hence all three minerals are correct.
3.Which of the following regions falls under the “Cfb” (Marine West Coast) climate?
- AWestern Norway
- BCentral Sahara
- CAmazon Basin
- DSiberian Taiga
Explanation
Cfb climates have mild summers, cool winters and no dry season. Western Norway experiences exactly these conditions due to maritime influence and prevailing westerlies.
4.Which country is the largest producer of bauxite in the world?
- AAustralia
- BBrazil
- CChina
- DIndia
Explanation
Australia accounts for about 30% of global bauxite output, making it the leading producer, followed by China and Brazil.
5.The formation of the Rocky Mountains is associated with the subduction of which tectonic plate?
- AFarallon Plate
- BPacific Plate
- CNorth American Plate
- DJuan de Fuca Plate
Explanation
The formation of the Rocky Mountains is associated with the subduction of the Farallon Plate under the North American Plate, which led to the Laramide orogeny and the uplift of the mountain range.
6.The Himalayas were primarily formed due to the collision of which two tectonic plates?
- AAfrican and Eurasian
- BIndian and Eurasian
- CPacific and North American
- DSouth American and Antarctic
Explanation
The Indian Plate moving northward collided with the Eurasian Plate about 50 million years ago, causing crustal shortening and uplift that created the Himalayan mountain belt.
7.The 'Levelised Cost of Energy' (LCOE) is used to:
- AMeasure the efficiency of power plants
- BCompare the per‑unit cost of different energy generation technologies over their lifetimes
- CDetermine the carbon intensity of fuels
- DAssess the geopolitical risk of energy imports
Explanation
LCOE expresses the total cost of building and operating a power-generating asset over its lifetime divided by the total electricity produced, enabling technology‑level cost comparison.
8.The "Alpine Fault" is a major geological feature associated with which mountain system?
- AEuropean Alps
- BSouthern Alps of New Zealand
- CSierra Nevada
- DHimalayas
Explanation
New Zealand’s Southern Alps are uplifted along the Alpine Fault, a right‑lateral strike‑slip fault marking the boundary between the Pacific and Australian plates.
9.Which warm western boundary current flows southward along the east coast of South Africa in the Indian Ocean?
- AAgulhas Current
- BSomali Current
- CMozambique Current
- DEast Australian Current
Explanation
The Agulhas Current is a strong, warm western boundary current that runs southward along the east coast of South Africa before turning eastward as the Agulhas Return Current.
10.The 'Black Sea' region of Eastern Europe is a major producer of which cash crop?
- ACotton
- BWheat
- CCoffee
- DTea
Explanation
The fertile chernozem (black soil) around the Black Sea, covering parts of Ukraine and Russia, makes the area one of the world’s largest wheat‑producing zones.
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