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1.Which constitutional provision in India explicitly prohibits discrimination on the ground of sex?
- AArticle 14 – Equality before law
- BArticle 15 – Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
- CArticle 16 – Equality of opportunity in public employment
- DArticle 21 – Protection of life and personal liberty
Explanation
Article 15 of the Indian Constitution specifically bars discrimination on the basis of sex (along with religion, race, caste and place of birth). While Articles 14, 16 and 21 deal with equality and liberty, they do not expressly mention sex as a prohibited ground of discrimination.
2.Which Indian city was the first to be classified as a 'Class I' city in the 1951 Census?
- ADelhi
- BMumbai
- CKolkata
- DChennai
Explanation
In the 1951 Census, Kolkata (then Calcutta) was the first city to cross the 1‑million population threshold, earning the Class I status. Delhi and Mumbai followed later.
3.The first major communal riot in the modern Indian history after the 1857 revolt was:
- AKanpur (1905) riots
- BMeerut (1913) riots
- CBombay (1885) riots
- DGujarat (1969) riots
Explanation
The Bombay riots of 1885 are considered the first large‑scale communal disturbance in the colonial period, triggered by a clash between Hindu and Muslim processions.
4.Which constitutional amendment provides for the reservation of seats for women in Panchayati Raj Institutions?
- AThe 73rd Amendment
- BThe 74th Amendment
- CThe 61st Amendment
- DThe 91st Amendment
Explanation
The 73rd Amendment (1992) introduced provisions for reservation of at least one‑third seats for women in Gram Panchayats, Panchayat Samitis and Zila Parishads, thereby strengthening women’s participation in rural local governance.
5.Which of the following best explains the political rise of the 'Bihar Mukti Morcha' in the 1990s?
- AA reaction to centralisation of power in Delhi
- BMobilisation of caste‑based regional identities, especially OBCs like Yadavs and Kurmis
- CDemand for a separate state of Bhojpur
- DOpposition to the Green Revolution
Explanation
The Bihar Mukti Morcha (and similar parties) leveraged caste‑based regional identities, especially among OBCs, to gain political power, illustrating how regionalism intertwines with social stratification.
6.Under the Constitution, which schedule lists the states having Scheduled Areas?
- ASixth Schedule
- BFifth Schedule
- CEighth Schedule
- DSeventh Schedule
Explanation
The Fifth Schedule contains provisions for the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas in states other than those covered by the Sixth Schedule.
7.In demographic terms, a 'youth bulge' can increase the risk of:
- AHigher per‑capita income without any policy intervention
- BPolitical instability and social unrest if large numbers of young men remain unemployed
- CImmediate decline in life expectancy
- DA decrease in urbanisation rates
Explanation
A youth bulge—large cohort of young people—can become a source of social tension, especially when job creation lags, leading to higher potential for unrest, crime, and radicalisation, as documented in many studies.
8.Which of the following statements best captures the 'Diffusion of Innovations' theory by Everett Rogers?
- AInnovation spreads only through governmental policies.
- BAdoption follows a linear path from elite to masses.
- CAdoption follows a bell‑shaped curve categorising innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards.
- DInnovations are accepted uniformly across all social groups.
Explanation
Rogers' model classifies adopters into five categories based on their readiness to accept an innovation, producing a characteristic S‑curve or bell‑shaped distribution over time.
9.Which constitutional provision empowers the Parliament to create new states or alter the boundaries of existing states?
- AArticle 370
- BArticle 356
- CArticle 3
- DArticle 13
Explanation
Article 3 of the Indian Constitution enables Parliament to form new states, alter boundaries, change names, or merge states, subject to a resolution passed by the concerned state legislature.
10.The term "Hindutva" was popularised by which of the following leaders?
- AMahatma Gandhi
- BB. R. Ambedkar
- CVinayak Damodar Savarkar
- DJawaharlal Nehru
Explanation
Vinayak Damodar Savarkar authored the seminal work "Hindutva: Who is a Hindu?" (1923), laying down the ideological framework that later influenced organisations like the RSS and BJP.
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