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1.The concept of ‘Digital Twin’ is most closely associated with:
- ACreating a virtual replica of a physical asset or process
- BDuplicating digital currencies on blockchain
- CReplicating human consciousness in computers
- DDeveloping twin‑engine jet propulsion
Explanation
A digital twin is a real‑time digital replica that mirrors the physical object’s behavior, used for monitoring, simulation and predictive maintenance.
2.The skin effect becomes significant at:
- ALow frequencies (< 50 Hz)
- BMedium frequencies (1–10 kHz)
- CHigh frequencies (> 100 kHz)
- DAll frequencies equally
Explanation
Skin effect causes AC current to concentrate near the surface of conductors and becomes pronounced at high frequencies (typically above 100 kHz).
3.In reinforcement learning, the "exploration‑exploitation" dilemma refers to:
- AChoosing between a known optimal policy and trying new actions
- BBalancing CPU and GPU usage
- CDeciding whether to use supervised or unsupervised data
- DSelecting between model‑based and model‑free methods
Explanation
An agent must decide whether to exploit the best‑known action (maximizing immediate reward) or explore less‑tried actions that might yield higher long‑term rewards. This trade‑off is central to reinforcement learning.
4.The ‘Internet of Bio‑Things’ (IoBT) primarily aims to:
- AIntegrate biological sensors with digital networks for health monitoring
- BReplace smartphones with bio‑implants
- CCreate a new social media platform for microbes
- DDevelop bio‑based cryptocurrencies
Explanation
IoBT connects biosensors and wearable devices to the internet, enabling real‑time health data acquisition, disease tracking, and personalized medicine.
5.In the reaction HA + H₂O ⇌ A⁻ + H₃O⁺, which species is the conjugate base of HA?
- AA⁻
- BH₃O⁺
- CH₂O
- DHA
Explanation
When HA donates a proton, it forms A⁻; thus A⁻ is the conjugate base of the acid HA.
6.Which technology enables the Indian Army's "Network‑Centric Warfare" (NCW) concept to achieve real‑time situational awareness across dispersed units?
- ASatellite‑based Automatic Identification System (AIS)
- BSoftware‑Defined Radio (SDR) based tactical mesh network
- CFiber‑optic backbone in forward operating bases
- DQuantum cryptography links
Explanation
Software‑Defined Radio (SDR) based mesh networks allow flexible, secure, and rapid formation of ad‑hoc communication links, crucial for NCW. AIS is for maritime tracking, fiber‑optic is limited to static locations, and quantum cryptography, while promising, is not yet deployed operationally for battlefield communications.
7.If the displacement of a particle is given by x(t) = 4t³ – 3t² + 2t (in metres, t in seconds), its instantaneous velocity at t = 2 s is:
- A38 m/s
- B40 m/s
- C44 m/s
- D46 m/s
Explanation
Velocity v = dx/dt = 12t² – 6t + 2. At t = 2, v = 12(4) – 12 + 2 = 48 – 12 + 2 = 38 m/s.
8.The 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded for the development of which of the following?
- ACRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool
- BRNA interference
- CDNA sequencing
- DGene therapy
Explanation
The 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna for the development of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool.
9.Which of the following biomolecules is primarily responsible for the storage of genetic information?
- AProteins
- BLipids
- CCarbohydrates
- DNucleic acids
Explanation
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information in living organisms.
10.Which quantum number determines the shape of an atomic orbital?
- AAzimuthal (orbital angular momentum) quantum number (ℓ)
- BPrincipal quantum number (n)
- CMagnetic quantum number (mℓ)
- DSpin quantum number (ms)
Explanation
The azimuthal quantum number ℓ defines the orbital type (s, p, d, f), which dictates the spatial distribution or shape of the orbital. The principal quantum number defines size/energy, magnetic quantum number orientation, and spin quantum number electron spin.
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