Physical Geography

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What does the legal and economic term Patent mean in the context of resource

creation?

A
The government tax levied on imported raw materials.
B
The exclusive right over any idea, process, or invention granted to its creator
C
The natural speed at which non-renewable minerals replenish in nature.
D
The process of converting agricultural land into industrial parks.

Explanation

A Patent grants exclusive legal and economic rights over an idea or invention, allowing its owner to commercialise it and turn non-economic ideas into valuable commercial resources.

2.Which of the following statements about the Dʺ (D double‑prime) layer at the base of the mantle is correct?

AIt marks the transition from solid mantle to liquid outer core
BIt is characterized by a sharp increase in seismic wave velocities
CIt is a thermally heterogeneous region influencing plume generation
DIt is composed primarily of basaltic melt

Explanation

The Dʺ layer (approximately 200‑300 km above the core‑mantle boundary) exhibits complex seismic anisotropy and temperature variations. These heterogeneities affect the buoyancy of mantle plumes that may rise from this region, but it does not show a sharp velocity increase nor is it a melt-dominated zone.

3.The Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) separates which two major Earth layers?

ACrust and mantle
BMantle and outer core
COuter core and inner core
DLithosphere and asthenosphere

Explanation

The Moho is the seismic boundary that marks a sharp increase in P‑wave velocity, indicating the transition from the rigid crust to the more ductile mantle.

Which of the following is NOT a primary cause of volcanic eruptions?

A
Buoyancy‑driven ascent of magma
B
Exsolution of volatiles (gases)
C
Tectonic plate movement
D
Solar‑radiation heating of the crust

Explanation

Solar radiation does not significantly affect the deep magmatic processes that trigger eruptions; the other three mechanisms are central to eruption dynamics.

The presence of which mineral in volcanic ash indicates a high‑silica (rhyolitic) magma composition?

A
Olivine
B
Pyroxene
C
Quartz
D
Magnetite

Explanation

Quartz is stable only in silica‑rich magmas; its occurrence in ash points to rhyolitic or high‑silica compositions.

6.The abrupt increase in seismic P‑wave velocity at the transition from the upper mantle to the lower mantle is primarily due to a change in mineral composition from:

AOlivine to perovskite (bridgmanite)
BBasalt to granite
CQuartz to feldspar
DSerpentine to talc

Explanation

At depths of about 660 km, olivine and its high‑pressure polymorphs transform into denser silicate phases such as bridgmanite (MgSiO₃ perovskite) and ferropericlase, causing the observed velocity jump.

Which two primary factors are responsible for transforming neutral environmental

substances into resources over time?

1. Time

2. Technology

3. Topography

A
1 and 2 only
B
2 and 3 only
C
1 and 3 only
D
1,2and3

Explanation

Time and Technology are the two main factors that transform materials into resources as human knowledge advances and needs change over different historical eras .

Which volcano type is most commonly associated with oceanic hotspot islands such as Hawaii?

A
Shield volcano
B
Stratovolcano
C
Cinder cone
D
Lava dome

Explanation

Hotspot islands are built by repeated eruptions of low‑viscosity basaltic lava, forming large shield volcanoes like Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea.

With reference to the level of development and use of natural resources, consider the

following statements:

1. Actual resources are those whose quantity is known and which are currently being

used in the present time.

2. Potential resources are those whose entire quantity may not be known and which are not being fully utilized currently due to technology gaps.Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A
1 only
B
2 only
C
Both 1 and 2
D
Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation

Both statements are correct. Actual resources (e.g., coal in Ruhr Valley) are surveyed and in active use. Potential resources (e.g., uranium reserves in Ladakh) require future technology or investment for full exploitation.

10.Soil salinity is most commonly associated with which type of soil in India?

ALaterite
BAlluvial
CAridisols
DSpodosols

Explanation

Aridisols, found in arid and semi‑arid regions, are prone to accumulation of soluble salts due to high evaporation and limited leaching, leading to salinity problems.

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