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What does the geographical term Transhumance refer to?
- A
The permanent migration of rural populations to mega-cities
- B
The seasonal movement of people along with their livestock in search of new pastures
- C
The construction of floating houses on river surfaces
- D
The process of shifting cultivation in tropical rainforests
Explanation
Transhumance is the seasonal movement of people and their livestock between summer and winter pastures. In mountain regions, herders move to higher pastures during summer and return to lower valleys during winter.
Regarding the environmental fallout of the 2026 hostilities in Tehran, consider the following statements:
1.The "River of Fire" was an Iranian scorched-earth tactic designed to prevent a ground invasion.
2.Israeli strikes on oil storage facilities in Tehran caused fuel to pour into streets, subsequently igniting.
3.The resulting fires led to the falling of toxic acid rain in the surrounding regions of Tehran.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
- A
1 and 2 only
- B
2 and 3 only
- C
1 and 3 only
- D
1, 2, and 3
Explanation
Statement 2 and 3 are correct; the "River of Fire" was a direct result of airstrikes on depots, not a scorched-earth policy. Statement 1 is incorrect because it misattributes the cause of the fuel ignition.
With reference to Neap Tides, consider the following statements:
1. Neap tides occur when the Moon is in its first and third quarters.
2. During neap tides, the gravitational pull of the Sun and Moon act at right angles to
each other, resulting in lower high tides.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A
1 Only
- B
2 Only
- C
Both 1 and 2 Only
- D
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Both statements are correct. When the Moon is at its quarter phases, its
gravitational pull is perpendicular (at right angles) to that of the Sun relative to Earth. The forces
partially offset each other, producing lower high tides known as Neap Tides.
The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) recently approved a revised GRAP schedule. Consider the following statements regarding the revisions:
Actions concerning Diesel Generator (DG) sets have been moved from Stage-II to Stage-I to ensure earlier intervention.
Restrictions on BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel 4-wheelers have been extended to the Sonipat district.
The total number of individual actions across the four stages of the revised GRAP is 48.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
- A
Only one
- B
Only two
- C
All three
- D
None
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct: The CAQM moved actions related to DG sets and the entry of BS-IV & below buses from Stage-II to Stage-I.
Statement 2 is correct: Sonipat was added to the list of districts (including Gurugram, Faridabad, etc.) where these vehicle restrictions apply.
Statement 3 is correct: The revised count is 25 (Stage-I), 8 (Stage-II), 10 (Stage-III), and 5 (Stage-IV), totaling exactly 48 actions.
Why are temperatures in cities typically higher than those in rural villages?
- A
Concrete and asphalt in city structures absorb heat during the day and release it at night.
- B
High-rise buildings block wind movement, trapping warm air within urban areas.
- C
Concentrated human activity, vehicles, and factories generate excess heat.
- D
All of the above.
Explanation
All listed factors contribute to the "Urban Heat Island" effect. Building materials
like concrete and asphalt hold heat, vertical structures impede cooling air currents, and industrial
activity along with vehicular emissions release thermal energy, making cities significantly
warmer than rural areas.
Consider the following statements regarding Waterways:
1. Waterways are the cheapest mode for carrying bulky and heavy goods over long distances.
2. Inland waterways consist exclusively of ocean trade routes connecting international seaports.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
- A
1 Only
- B
2 Only
- C
Both 1 and 2
- D
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct because waterways are the most economical mode of transport for carrying bulky and heavy goods over long distances. Statement 2 is incorrect because inland waterways include rivers, lakes, and canals, whereas ocean routes are used for international maritime trade.
How do plants in hot deserts adapt to extreme aridity and heat?
- A
They develop broad, thin leaves to increase water loss.
- B
They develop long taproots, fleshy stems, and leaves modified into sharp spines.
- C
They grow rapidly to form dense overhead forest canopies.
- D
They drop their seeds into ocean currents for dispersal
Explanation
Desert plants (xerophytes) adapt by growing deep roots to reach underground
water, storing water in fleshy stems (cacti), and turning leaves into spines to minimize
transpiration and deter herbivores.
Consider the following statements regarding settlement patterns:
1. Compact settlements are closely built areas of dwellings, commonly found in fertile river plains.
2. Scattered settlements consist of houses spaced over wide areas, typical of hilly terrains and thick forest regions.
- A
1 Only
- B
2 Only
- C
Both 1 and 2
- D
Neither 1 nor 2
Explanation
Both statements are correct. Compact settlements are generally found in flat and fertile plains where population density is high, while scattered settlements are common in hilly, mountainous, and densely forested regions where houses are spread over a wide area.
Consider the following natural factors regarding the choice of an ideal site for a human settlement:
1. Availability of fresh water
2. Suitable landform and favorable climate
3. Fertile soil suitable for agriculture
Which of the factors given above are essential for selecting an ideal site?
- A
1 and 2 Only
- B
2 and 3 Only
- C
1 and 3 Only
- D
1,2, and 3
Explanation
All three factors are essential for selecting an ideal settlement site. Early civilizations developed in river valleys because they had fresh water, fertile land, and a favorable climate, which supported agriculture and human settlement
Which of the following physical conditions are essential for optimal cultivation of Rice?
High temperatures and high humidity
Heavy annual rainfall (>100 cm)
Alluvial clayey soils that can retain standing water
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
- A
1 and 2 only
- B
2 and 3 only
- C
1 and 3 only
- D
1, 2, and 3
Explanation
Rice requires:
High temperature and high humidity
Heavy rainfall, generally more than 100 cm
Alluvial/clayey soil capable of retaining standing water
Hence, all three conditions are correct, making Option D the correct answer.
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