Environment

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The September 2026 International Conference on “The Future of Environment and Climate Dynamics” was notable for:

A
Being the first-ever climate meeting to exclude judicial representatives.
B
Involving eminent judges and judicial representatives from 17 different countries.
C
Launching a mandatory global carbon tax managed by the NGT.
D
Restricting participation to Indian District Court judges only.

Explanation

Organized by the NGT, the conference facilitated a global dialogue on environmental governance with 17 participating countries, focusing on environmental jurisprudence and governance.

2.Which of the following satellite missions provides the most comprehensive data on atmospheric CO2 concentrations?

ANASA’s OCO‑2 (Orbiting Carbon Observatory‑2)
BESA’s Sentinel‑5P
CISRO’s Oceansat‑2
DJAXA’s GOSAT (Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite)

Explanation

OCO‑2, launched by NASA in 2014, is dedicated to measuring atmospheric carbon dioxide with high precision and spatial resolution, making it the primary source for global CO2 column data.

3.The 'Water Quality Index' (WQI) assigns a single number to describe overall water quality. Which of the following parameters is typically given the highest weightage in the Indian WQI calculation?

ApH
BDissolved Oxygen
CTotal Dissolved Solids
DBiochemical Oxygen Demand

Explanation

Dissolved oxygen is critical for aquatic life and is given the highest weightage in most WQI models, including the Indian system.

Researchers recently discovered Ingerana aizawl and Duttaphrynus phawngpui in Mizoram. Which of the following is a technical characteristic or context of Ingerana aizawl?

A
It is a montane toad found only at Phawngpui peak
B
It was misidentified as Ingerana borealis for 20 years before being recognized as a new species.
C
It is the largest frog in India, characterized by a smooth dorsal skin.
D
It is a desert-dwelling species that hibernates for nine months.

Explanation

Option B is correct. This population was misidentified for 20 years as Ingerana borealis. Morphologically, it is a small, stream-dwelling frog with wrinkled dorsal skin and a distinct "supratympanic fold" (a fold of skin behind the ear), as detailed in the journal Zootaxa.

5.The term "biodiversity hotspot" as defined by Conservation International requires:

AAt least 1,500 endemic plant species and >30% habitat loss
BPresence of charismatic megafauna
COnly marine ecosystems with coral reefs
DA minimum of 5,000 species overall

Explanation

A hotspot must have >1,500 endemic vascular plant species and have lost >30% of its original habitat.

6.Which of the following is the most effective measure to control ground-level ozone in urban areas?

AIncreasing vehicular speed limits
BPromoting the use of LPG for cooking
CRestricting VOC and NOx emissions from industry and traffic
DPlanting more trees

Explanation

Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant formed by photochemical reactions between VOCs and NOx. Controlling these precursors yields the greatest reduction in ozone concentrations.

7.Which of the following is a keystone species in the African savanna ecosystem?

AElephant
BZebra
CWildebeest
DHyena

Explanation

Elephants shape the savanna by modifying vegetation structure, creating water holes and influencing other species, thus acting as a keystone species.

8.The presence of coliform bacteria in drinking water is an indicator of:

AIndustrial pollution
BPesticide runoff
CFecal contamination
DThermal pollution

Explanation

Coliform bacteria, especially fecal coliforms, indicate contamination by sewage or animal waste, posing health risks.

9.The term "biogenic carbon" refers to:

ACarbon derived from living or once‑living organisms
BCarbon formed in the mantle
CCarbon in the form of carbonates
DCarbon emitted from fossil‑fuel combustion

Explanation

Biogenic carbon originates from biological processes – it is carbon that is part of living organisms or has been part of them in the recent past.

10.Which of the following research initiatives is most commonly associated with Biosphere Reserves under the MAB Programme?

ASpace exploration missions
BLong‑term ecological monitoring and socio‑ecological studies to assess human‑environment interactions
CDevelopment of nuclear weapons
DConstruction of high‑rise commercial complexes

Explanation

MAB encourages long‑term ecological research, monitoring of biodiversity, and studies on how human societies interact with ecosystems, providing data for sustainable management.

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